Education & Reference articles (page 31)
1000 guides in this category.
Days and Months in Punjabi, Including the Traditional Calendar
The Punjabi names for days and months, plus the traditional Desi calendar used for festivals such as Vaisakhi.
Read article →Gurmukhi Vowels and the Three Vowel Carriers
How Gurmukhi handles vowels, from the three carrier letters ੳ, ਅ and ੲ to the independent vowels and their sounds.
Read article →The 35 Letters of Gurmukhi: The Painti Akhari
The traditional Gurmukhi alphabet, called the Painti Akhari, arranged in groups by sound, with sample words.
Read article →Tippi, Bindi, Addak and Pairin: The Small Marks of Gurmukhi
A guide to the nasal signs, the doubling mark, the subscript letters and the dotted letters that complete Gurmukhi spelling.
Read article →Vowel Signs in Gurmukhi: How ਕ Becomes ਕਾ, ਕਿ and ਕੁ
How Gurmukhi attaches vowel signs (lāgāṁ) to consonants, with the full pattern for ਕ and reading practice.
Read article →Cyrillic Letters That Look Like Latin but Sound Different
The friendly and not-so-friendly look-alikes between the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets, with examples to avoid misreading.
Read article →Russian Consonants: Voiced and Voiceless Pairs
How Russian consonants pair up, why words like друг end with a different sound than they are spelled with, and which letters are always hard or soft.
Read article →Russian Vowels: The Hard and Soft Pairs
Russian has ten vowel letters that form five hard and soft pairs. Learn how each pair works and why the soft vowels matter.
Read article →Stress and Vowel Reduction in Russian
Why Russian stress matters, how unstressed vowels change their sound and how to learn where the stress falls.
Read article →The Hard Sign and the Soft Sign: ъ and ь
Two Russian letters that make no sound of their own but change how the letters around them are read.
Read article →Inverted Question and Exclamation Marks: ¿ and ¡
Why Spanish opens questions and exclamations with an upside-down mark, and how to type them.
Read article →Spanish Accents and Stress Rules Explained
Two simple rules tell you which syllable to stress, and the written accent marks the exceptions.
Read article →Spanish Consonants: B, V, H, LL, Ñ and RR
The consonants that surprise English speakers, from the silent h to the rolled r and the tilde on ñ.
Read article →Spanish Noun Gender: Masculine and Feminine
How to guess whether a Spanish noun is masculine or feminine from its ending, and the common exceptions.
Read article →Spanish Pronunciation: The Five Pure Vowels
Spanish has just five vowel sounds, each pronounced the same way every time. Learn them and a lot of reading falls into place.
Read article →Grantha Letters in Tamil: ஜ, ஷ, ஸ and ஹ
The extra letters Tamil borrows to write Sanskrit and foreign sounds, and where you will see them.
Read article →Tamil Consonants: The Eighteen Mei Ezhuthukkal
The eighteen Tamil consonants, called body letters, arranged in three groups: hard, soft and medium.
Read article →Tamil Vowels: The Twelve Uyir Ezhuthukkal
Tamil has twelve vowels, called the soul letters. Learn their shapes, sounds and the short and long pairs.
Read article →The Pulli and the Aytham: Tamil's Special Marks
How the dot on top of a consonant and the three-dot letter ஃ work in Tamil writing.
Read article →Uyirmei: How Tamil Consonants and Vowels Combine
How each Tamil consonant joins with vowels to form 216 combined letters, shown with the letter க.
Read article →Anusvara, Visarga and Chandrabindu in Telugu
The three small marks that modify Telugu vowels: the nasal ం, the breath ః and the rare ఁ.
Read article →Conjuncts and Vottulu: Joining Consonants in Telugu
How Telugu writes two consonants together, using a stacked second letter called a vattu.
Read article →Telugu Consonants and Their Five Groups
How Telugu consonants are organised into five groups by where in the mouth they are made, plus the extra letters.
Read article →Telugu Vowels: The Achchulu
The Telugu vowels, called achchulu, with their short and long pairs and the extra signs used in Telugu writing.
Read article →