Portuguese Noun Gender and Plurals, Including the Tricky -ão Words
How Portuguese nouns show gender, the plural patterns, and the three different plurals of words ending in -ão.
Every Portuguese noun is masculine or feminine, and adjectives and articles must agree. The endings give strong clues.
Gender by ending
| Ending | Usually | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| -o | masculine | livro, carro, amigo |
| -a | feminine | casa, mesa, amiga |
| -ção, -são, -dade, -gem | feminine | canção, cidade, viagem |
| -or, -ema, -ama | usually masculine | amor, problema, programa |
| -e, -l, -r, -z | either | o leite, a noite, o sol |
There are exceptions: o dia (day) is masculine, a mão (hand) is feminine. Learn each noun with its article.
Regular plurals
| Ending | Plural | Example |
|---|---|---|
| vowel | add -s | casa → casas |
| -r, -z | add -es | flor → flores, luz → luzes |
| -m | -m → -ns | homem → homens, bem → bens |
| -l | drop -l, add -is | animal → animais, papel → papéis |
| -s (unstressed final) | unchanged | o lápis → os lápis |
The -ão words
Words ending in -ão have three possible plurals:
| Plural ending | Examples |
|---|---|
| -ões (most common) | coração → corações, limão → limões, canção → canções |
| -ães | pão → pães, cão → cães, capitão → capitães |
| -ãos | mão → mãos, irmão → irmãos, cidadão → cidadãos |
There's no simple rule, so learn the common ones.
Adjective agreement
Adjectives match the noun in gender and number:
- o carro vermelho — the red car
- a casa vermelha — the red house
- os carros vermelhos — the red cars
- as casas vermelhas — the red houses
Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant often don't change for gender: um homem grande, uma mulher grande.
Nouns for people
Many nouns have masculine and feminine forms:
| Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|
| o amigo | a amiga |
| o professor | a professora |
| o médico | a médica |
| o cantor | a cantora |
| o estudante | a estudante |
A useful tip
Gender is shown in the article: o (masculine) and a (feminine), um and uma. A dictionary that shows gender for each noun saves guesswork.
English Portuguese Dictionary
Offline English–Portuguese dictionary with gender and accents handled properly
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