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Portuguese Noun Gender and Plurals, Including the Tricky -ão Words

How Portuguese nouns show gender, the plural patterns, and the three different plurals of words ending in -ão.

Every Portuguese noun is masculine or feminine, and adjectives and articles must agree. The endings give strong clues.

Gender by ending

Ending Usually Examples
-o masculine livro, carro, amigo
-a feminine casa, mesa, amiga
-ção, -são, -dade, -gem feminine canção, cidade, viagem
-or, -ema, -ama usually masculine amor, problema, programa
-e, -l, -r, -z either o leite, a noite, o sol

There are exceptions: o dia (day) is masculine, a mão (hand) is feminine. Learn each noun with its article.

Regular plurals

Ending Plural Example
vowel add -s casa → casas
-r, -z add -es flor → flores, luz → luzes
-m -m → -ns homem → homens, bem → bens
-l drop -l, add -is animal → animais, papel → papéis
-s (unstressed final) unchanged o lápis → os lápis

The -ão words

Words ending in -ão have three possible plurals:

Plural ending Examples
-ões (most common) coração → corações, limão → limões, canção → canções
-ães pão → pães, cão → cães, capitão → capitães
-ãos mão → mãos, irmão → irmãos, cidadão → cidadãos

There's no simple rule, so learn the common ones.

Adjective agreement

Adjectives match the noun in gender and number:

  • o carro vermelho — the red car
  • a casa vermelha — the red house
  • os carros vermelhos — the red cars
  • as casas vermelhas — the red houses

Adjectives ending in -e or a consonant often don't change for gender: um homem grande, uma mulher grande.

Nouns for people

Many nouns have masculine and feminine forms:

Masculine Feminine
o amigo a amiga
o professor a professora
o médico a médica
o cantor a cantora
o estudante a estudante

A useful tip

Gender is shown in the article: o (masculine) and a (feminine), um and uma. A dictionary that shows gender for each noun saves guesswork.

Look up any word with English Portuguese Dictionary →

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