Punjabi Sentence Structure and Postpositions: ਨੂੰ, ਵਿੱਚ, ਤੋਂ and ਦਾ
How Punjabi puts the verb at the end and marks each noun's role with small words that come after it.
Punjabi sentences end with the verb, and nouns are marked with postpositions, small words that come after the noun, where English puts prepositions before it.
Verb-final order
English: Subject – Verb – Object. Punjabi: Subject – Object – Verb.
- ਮੈਂ ਕਿਤਾਬ ਪੜ੍ਹਦਾ ਹਾਂ। — I read a book.
- ਉਹ ਚਾਹ ਪੀਂਦੀ ਹੈ। — She drinks tea.
Common postpositions
| Postposition | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ਨੂੰ | to, (marks the object) | ਸਕੂਲ ਨੂੰ — to school |
| ਵਿੱਚ | in | ਘਰ ਵਿੱਚ — in the house |
| ਉੱਤੇ / ਤੇ | on | ਮੇਜ਼ ਉੱਤੇ — on the table |
| ਤੋਂ | from | ਦਿੱਲੀ ਤੋਂ — from Delhi |
| ਨਾਲ | with | ਦੋਸਤ ਨਾਲ — with a friend |
| ਲਈ | for | ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਲਈ — for you |
| ਦਾ / ਦੀ / ਦੇ | of, 's | ਰਾਮ ਦਾ ਭਰਾ — Ram's brother |
The possessive ਦਾ / ਦੀ / ਦੇ
It agrees with the thing owned:
- ਰਾਮ ਦਾ ਭਰਾ — Ram's brother (masculine)
- ਰਾਮ ਦੀ ਭੈਣ — Ram's sister (feminine)
- ਰਾਮ ਦੇ ਦੋਸਤ — Ram's friends (plural)
Examples
- ਮੈਂ ਸਕੂਲ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹਾਂ। — I go to school.
- ਕਿਤਾਬ ਮੇਜ਼ ਉੱਤੇ ਹੈ। — The book is on the table.
- ਅਸੀਂ ਪਿੰਡ ਤੋਂ ਆਏ ਹਾਂ। — We have come from the village.
- ਇਹ ਤੋਹਫ਼ਾ ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਲਈ ਹੈ। — This gift is for you.
Adjectives come first
- ਵੱਡਾ ਘਰ — a big house
- ਚੰਗੀ ਕਿਤਾਬ — a good book
Adjectives ending in -ਆ change with the noun: ਵੱਡਾ ਮੁੰਡਾ, ਵੱਡੀ ਕੁੜੀ.
Building sentences
- Start with the subject.
- Add place, time and object.
- End with the verb.
Tips
- Put the verb last.
- Learn the postpositions with sample words.
- Use the dictionary to check forms.
English Punjabi Dictionary
Offline English–Punjabi dictionary with meanings in proper Gurmukhi script
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