Talking About the Past in Japanese: Plain and Polite Forms
How to form the plain past tense, how it differs from the polite past, and where each is used in conversation and writing.
Japanese has two levels of past tense. The polite form is for strangers and formal settings, and the plain form is for friends, family and much writing.
Polite past
You already know it:
- 食べました — ate
- 飲みました — drank
- 行きました — went
Plain past
The plain past is built from the た-form, which follows the same pattern as the て-form, with た instead of て:
| Dictionary | て-form | Plain past |
|---|---|---|
| 食べる | 食べて | 食べた (tabeta) |
| 見る | 見て | 見た (mita) |
| 飲む | 飲んで | 飲んだ (nonda) |
| 書く | 書いて | 書いた (kaita) |
| 買う | 買って | 買った (katta) |
| 行く | 行って | 行った (itta) |
| する | して | した (shita) |
| 来る | 来て | 来た (kita) |
Plain negative and past negative
| Form | Example (食べる) |
|---|---|
| plain present | 食べる |
| plain negative | 食べない (tabenai) |
| plain past | 食べた (tabeta) |
| plain past negative | 食べなかった (tabenakatta) |
Comparing the two
| Polite | Plain | |
|---|---|---|
| present | 食べます | 食べる |
| negative | 食べません | 食べない |
| past | 食べました | 食べた |
| past negative | 食べませんでした | 食べなかった |
Where each is used
- Polite: talking to strangers, teachers, customers, colleagues in formal situations.
- Plain: with close friends and family, in diaries, in books and articles, and in subordinate clauses.
Example:
- 昨日、映画を見ました。 (polite)
- 昨日、映画を見た。 (plain)
In a subordinate clause
Plain forms appear inside longer sentences, even in polite speech:
- 昨日見た映画は面白かったです。 — The film I saw yesterday was interesting.
Tips
- Learn the た-form together with the て-form.
- Listen to how friends speak to hear plain forms.
- Use the dictionary to check forms.
English Japanese Dictionary
Offline English–Japanese dictionary with kanji, hiragana and katakana support
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