Gujarati Has Three Genders, and Adjectives Agree
How Gujarati nouns are masculine, feminine or neuter, the typical endings -ો, -ી and -ું, and how adjectives change to match them.
Unlike Hindi, which has two genders, Gujarati has three: masculine, feminine and neuter. The good news is that endings give you strong clues, and adjectives and verbs follow the noun in a predictable pattern.
The three endings
The most common pattern is:
- Masculine: -ો — છોકરો (chhokro, boy), દીવો (divo, lamp), રસ્તો (rasto, road)
- Feminine: -ી — છોકરી (chhokri, girl), નદી (nadi, river), ગાડી (gaadi, car)
- Neuter: -ું — છોકરું (chhokru, child), બચ્ચું (bachchu, baby animal), કપડું (kapdu, cloth)
Many neuter nouns end in a consonant or another vowel instead: ઘર (ghar, house), પાણી (paani, water), પુસ્તક (pustak, book), દૂધ (doodh, milk).
Not all nouns show the gender by their ending, so learning a noun with an adjective, such as સારું ઘર, helps.
Neuter is common
Neuter covers many everyday things and often young beings: બાળક (child), ઘર (house), પાણી (water), દૂધ (milk), શહેર (city), પુસ્તક (book).
Adjectives change to match
Adjectives that end in -ો, -ી or -ું agree with the noun:
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| good | સારો છોકરો | સારી છોકરી | સારું બાળક |
| big | મોટો રસ્તો | મોટી નદી | મોટું ઘર |
| small | નાનો દીવો | નાની ગાડી | નાનું શહેર |
| new | નવો મિત્ર | નવી સાડી | નવું પુસ્તક |
Adjectives that don't end in these vowels don't change: સુંદર (beautiful), ગરમ (hot), હોશિયાર (clever).
- સુંદર છોકરો, સુંદર છોકરી, સુંદર બાળક — the adjective stays the same.
Verbs agree too
In some tenses, verbs agree with the subject's gender:
- તે જાય છે (he/she goes) — the present doesn't change for gender.
- તે ગયો (he went), તે ગઈ (she went), તે ગયું (it went) — the past agrees.
- છોકરો સૂતો છે (the boy is asleep), છોકરી સૂતી છે (the girl is asleep), બાળક સૂતું છે (the child is asleep).
Possessives agree with the noun possessed
Words such as મારો / મારી / મારું (my), તારો / તારી / તારું (your, informal) and તમારો / તમારી / તમારું (your, formal) agree with the noun that follows:
- મારો ભાઈ (my brother)
- મારી બહેન (my sister)
- મારું ઘર (my house)
Practical tips
- Learn nouns with an adjective to lock in the gender.
- Notice the ending as a clue: -ો masculine, -ી feminine, -ું neuter.
- Practise agreement by describing objects.
- Listen to how speakers say it.
Difference from English
English adjectives never change. In Gujarati, સારો, સારી and સારું all mean "good", depending on the noun.
Common beginner errors
- Using -ો with every noun.
- Forgetting to change the adjective.
- Using masculine possessives with feminine nouns.
Dictionary tip
A good dictionary marks the gender of nouns and shows adjective forms. Check it every time you learn a new noun.
English Gujarati Dictionary
Offline English–Gujarati dictionary with meanings in proper Gujarati script
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