Greek Noun Genders and Articles: Ο, Η, Το
How Greek nouns are masculine, feminine or neuter, typical endings for each, the definite and indefinite articles, and why gender differs from English.
Greek nouns have three genders, shown by the article: ο (masculine), η (feminine) and το (neuter). Endings give strong clues, so the system is more predictable than in many languages.
The definite article "the"
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ο | η | το |
| Plural | οι | οι | τα |
- ο φίλος (the friend), οι φίλοι (the friends)
- η γυναίκα (the woman), οι γυναίκες (the women)
- το παιδί (the child), τα παιδιά (the children)
The indefinite article "a"
- ένας — masculine: ένας φίλος
- μία / μια — feminine: μια γυναίκα
- ένα — neuter: ένα παιδί
There's no plural indefinite article; use nothing or μερικοί (some).
Typical endings
Masculine:
- -ος: ο άνθρωπος (person), ο φίλος (friend), ο δρόμος (road)
- -ης: ο μαθητής (pupil), ο πελάτης (customer)
- -ας: ο άντρας (man), ο ψαράς (fisherman)
Feminine:
- -α: η θάλασσα (sea), η γυναίκα (woman), η μέρα (day)
- -η: η πόλη (city), η ζωή (life), η γιορτή (celebration)
- -ος (a few): η οδός (street)
Neuter:
- -ο: το βιβλίο (book), το νερό (water), το δωμάτιο (room)
- -ι: το σπίτι (house), το παιδί (child), το κρασί (wine)
- -μα: το όνομα (name), το πρόβλημα (problem), το γράμμα (letter)
Gender differs from English
Greek gender often doesn't match logic or other languages:
- η θάλασσα (sea) is feminine; ο ήλιος (sun) is masculine; το φεγγάρι (moon) is neuter.
- το κορίτσι (girl) is neuter; το αγόρι (boy) is neuter.
- ο καφές (coffee) is masculine; η μπύρα (beer) is feminine; το κρασί (wine) is neuter.
So learn every noun with its article.
Plural patterns
- -ος → -οι: φίλος → φίλοι
- -α → -ες: θάλασσα → θάλασσες
- -η → -εις or -ες: πόλη → πόλεις, ζωή → ζωές
- -ο → -α: βιβλίο → βιβλία
- -ι → -ια: παιδί → παιδιά
- -μα → -ματα: όνομα → ονόματα
Agreement
Articles, adjectives and pronouns agree with the noun in gender, number and case:
- ο καλός φίλος (the good friend)
- η καλή φίλη (the good female friend)
- το καλό παιδί (the good child)
Learning strategy
- Learn nouns with their article.
- Use colour for the genders.
- Learn typical endings as guides.
- Read simple sentences aloud, noticing patterns.
Common mistakes
- Using English logic for gender.
- Forgetting the plural article τα for neuter.
- Mixing up ένας, μία and ένα.
Dictionary tip
A good dictionary shows gender for each noun (m, f, n or ο/η/το). Check it every time.
English Greek Dictionary
Offline English–Greek dictionary with meanings in proper Greek script
More about English Greek Dictionary
Greek Cases Made Simple: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive and Vocative
What the four cases of Modern Greek do, how a masculine noun like φίλος changes, and how to start recognising cases without memorising every table.
Read article →Greek Present Tense Verbs: Γράφω and Αγαπάω Patterns
How the two main groups of Greek verbs conjugate in the present tense, why Greek has no infinitive, and how 'να' clauses replace it.
Read article →Greek Pronouns and Formal Address: Εσύ or Εσείς?
The Greek personal pronouns, how the plural εσείς doubles as the polite you, when Greeks switch to informal, and the clitic forms like μου and σου.
Read article →Telling the Time in Greek: Και, Παρά and the Daily Rhythm
How to ask and tell the time in Greek, using και and παρά for past and to, plus mealtimes and daily rhythm in Greece.
Read article →