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Greek Noun Genders and Articles: Ο, Η, Το

How Greek nouns are masculine, feminine or neuter, typical endings for each, the definite and indefinite articles, and why gender differs from English.

Greek nouns have three genders, shown by the article: ο (masculine), η (feminine) and το (neuter). Endings give strong clues, so the system is more predictable than in many languages.

The definite article "the"

Masculine Feminine Neuter
Singular ο η το
Plural οι οι τα
  • ο φίλος (the friend), οι φίλοι (the friends)
  • η γυναίκα (the woman), οι γυναίκες (the women)
  • το παιδί (the child), τα παιδιά (the children)

The indefinite article "a"

  • ένας — masculine: ένας φίλος
  • μία / μια — feminine: μια γυναίκα
  • ένα — neuter: ένα παιδί

There's no plural indefinite article; use nothing or μερικοί (some).

Typical endings

Masculine:

  • -ος: ο άνθρωπος (person), ο φίλος (friend), ο δρόμος (road)
  • -ης: ο μαθητής (pupil), ο πελάτης (customer)
  • -ας: ο άντρας (man), ο ψαράς (fisherman)

Feminine:

  • -α: η θάλασσα (sea), η γυναίκα (woman), η μέρα (day)
  • -η: η πόλη (city), η ζωή (life), η γιορτή (celebration)
  • -ος (a few): η οδός (street)

Neuter:

  • -ο: το βιβλίο (book), το νερό (water), το δωμάτιο (room)
  • -ι: το σπίτι (house), το παιδί (child), το κρασί (wine)
  • -μα: το όνομα (name), το πρόβλημα (problem), το γράμμα (letter)

Gender differs from English

Greek gender often doesn't match logic or other languages:

  • η θάλασσα (sea) is feminine; ο ήλιος (sun) is masculine; το φεγγάρι (moon) is neuter.
  • το κορίτσι (girl) is neuter; το αγόρι (boy) is neuter.
  • ο καφές (coffee) is masculine; η μπύρα (beer) is feminine; το κρασί (wine) is neuter.

So learn every noun with its article.

Plural patterns

  • -ος → -οι: φίλος → φίλοι
  • -α → -ες: θάλασσα → θάλασσες
  • -η → -εις or -ες: πόλη → πόλεις, ζωή → ζωές
  • -ο → -α: βιβλίο → βιβλία
  • -ι → -ια: παιδί → παιδιά
  • -μα → -ματα: όνομα → ονόματα

Agreement

Articles, adjectives and pronouns agree with the noun in gender, number and case:

  • ο καλός φίλος (the good friend)
  • η καλή φίλη (the good female friend)
  • το καλό παιδί (the good child)

Learning strategy

  1. Learn nouns with their article.
  2. Use colour for the genders.
  3. Learn typical endings as guides.
  4. Read simple sentences aloud, noticing patterns.

Common mistakes

  • Using English logic for gender.
  • Forgetting the plural article τα for neuter.
  • Mixing up ένας, μία and ένα.

Dictionary tip

A good dictionary shows gender for each noun (m, f, n or ο/η/το). Check it every time.

Check Greek noun gender with English Greek Dictionary →

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