The Passé Composé: Avoir vs Être and Past Participles
How to form the most common French past tense, which verbs use être, how to build past participles, and when agreement is required.
The passé composé is the everyday past tense in French, used for completed actions: I ate, I have eaten, we went. It's built from two parts: an auxiliary verb and a past participle.
The formula
Auxiliary (avoir or être) + past participle
- J'ai mangé. — I ate / I have eaten.
- Nous avons fini. — We finished.
- Elle est partie. — She left.
Forming past participles
Regular verbs:
- -er → é: parler → parlé, manger → mangé
- -ir → i: finir → fini, choisir → choisi
- -re → u: vendre → vendu, attendre → attendu
Common irregular participles:
- avoir → eu
- être → été
- faire → fait
- prendre → pris
- mettre → mis
- voir → vu
- pouvoir → pu
- vouloir → voulu
- devoir → dû
- dire → dit
- écrire → écrit
- lire → lu
- boire → bu
- ouvrir → ouvert
- savoir → su
- venir → venu
Which auxiliary? Avoir (most verbs)
Most verbs use avoir:
J'ai travaillé. Tu as mangé. Il a fini. Nous avons vu. Vous avez pris. Ils ont dit.
Être verbs
A group of verbs, mostly movement or change of state, use être. A mnemonic is DR & MRS VANDERTRAMP:
Devenir, Revenir, Monter, Rester, Sortir, Venir, Aller, Naître, Descendre, Entrer, Rentrer, Tomber, Retourner, Arriver, Mourir, Partir
Compounds of these verbs, such as repartir, redevenir and rentrer, follow the same pattern.
All reflexive verbs also take être: Je me suis levé.
Agreement with être
With être, the past participle agrees with the subject, in gender and number:
- Il est allé. / Elle est allée.
- Ils sont partis. / Elles sont parties.
- Nous sommes arrivés (masculine or mixed) / arrivées (all women).
Agreement with avoir
With avoir, the participle doesn't agree with the subject. But it agrees with a direct object placed before the verb:
- J'ai mangé les pommes. (no agreement, object after)
- Les pommes que j'ai mangées étaient bonnes. (agreement with les pommes)
- Je les ai vus. (agrees with les, masculine plural)
In speech, agreement is often silent, so this matters most in writing.
Negative and questions
- Je n'ai pas mangé. — I didn't eat.
- Elle n'est jamais venue. — She never came.
- As-tu mangé ? or Est-ce que tu as mangé ? — Did you eat?
Adverbs
Short adverbs often come between the auxiliary and the participle: J'ai déjà mangé. — I've already eaten. Il a bien dormi. — He slept well.
Passé composé vs imparfait
The passé composé describes completed actions or events: Hier, j'ai visité le musée. The imparfait describes ongoing states, habits or background: Il pleuvait.
Tips for choosing the auxiliary
- Reflexive? Use être.
- In the list of movement/state-change verbs? Use être.
- Otherwise, use avoir.
- Some verbs use both, with different meanings: Il a monté la valise (he carried the case up) vs Il est monté (he went up).
Common mistakes
- Using avoir with aller: J'ai allé → Je suis allé.
- Forgetting agreement with être.
- Wrong participle: prendu → pris.
- Wrong word order with negatives.
Dictionary tip
Dictionaries list irregular participles and often note the auxiliary a verb takes (aux. être).
Practice
Write a short account of yesterday in the passé composé, using at least five avoir verbs and three être verbs.
Look up verb forms and participles with English French Dictionary →
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