French Prepositions: À, De, En, Dans, Chez and Countries
The most useful French prepositions, with rules for places, cities and countries, time expressions, transport, and the tricky 'dans' versus 'en'.
Prepositions are small words with big consequences. In French they're rarely a direct match with English, so it helps to learn them in typical combinations.
À: at, to, in
- Je vais à Paris. — I'm going to Paris.
- Elle habite à Lyon. — She lives in Lyon. (with cities)
- Il est à la maison. — He's at home.
- À midi. — At noon.
- Un verre à vin. — A wine glass. (purpose)
- Un gâteau au chocolat. — A chocolate cake. (au = à + le)
De: of, from
- Le livre de Marie. — Marie's book.
- Je viens de Paris. — I come from Paris.
- Une tasse de café. — A cup of coffee.
- Beaucoup de gens. — Many people.
- Il est en train de manger. — He's in the middle of eating.
En: in, by, to
- Feminine countries: Je vais en France. — I'm going to France.
- Months and seasons: en janvier, en été, en hiver, en automne.
- Languages and materials: en français, en bois.
- Transport (enclosed): en voiture, en train, en avion, en bus, en bateau.
- Duration: Je l'ai fait en deux heures. — I did it in two hours (it took two hours).
Dans: in, inside
- Il est dans la cuisine. — He's in the kitchen.
- A point in the future: Je pars dans deux jours. — I'm leaving in two days' time.
Compare: en deux heures (it takes two hours) versus dans deux heures (two hours from now).
Chez: at the home of
Chez means at or to someone's home or place of business:
- Je suis chez moi. — I'm at home.
- Nous allons chez Marie. — We're going to Marie's place.
- Chez le médecin. — At the doctor's.
- Chez le coiffeur. — At the hairdresser's.
- Chez nous, on mange tard. — In our country/family, we eat late.
Cities and countries
| Destination | Preposition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| City | à | à Paris, à Londres |
| Feminine country (ends in -e) | en | en France, en Italie, en Espagne |
| Masculine country | au | au Japon, au Canada, au Maroc |
| Plural country | aux | aux États-Unis, aux Pays-Bas |
| Country starting with a vowel | en | en Iran, en Israël |
From: cities use de (de Paris), feminine countries de (de France), masculine countries du (du Japon), plural countries des (des États-Unis).
Exceptions: le Mexique and le Mozambique are masculine despite ending in -e (au Mexique, au Mozambique).
Transport
- En for enclosed vehicles you sit in: en voiture, en train, en avion, en métro.
- À for open or ridden transport: à vélo, à pied, à cheval, à moto.
- Par for a means: par avion, par la route.
Other useful prepositions
- sur — on: sur la table
- sous — under: sous le lit
- devant — in front of
- derrière — behind
- entre — between
- avec — with
- sans — without
- pour — for
- contre — against
- pendant — during, for (duration)
- depuis — since, for (still ongoing): J'habite ici depuis 2020.
- avant / après — before / after
- vers — towards, around
Depuis vs pendant
- Je travaille ici depuis trois ans. — I've worked here for three years (and still do).
- J'ai travaillé ici pendant trois ans. — I worked here for three years (finished).
Verbs with prepositions
Many verbs take a fixed preposition: penser à, parler de, aider à, commencer à, finir de, avoir besoin de, s'intéresser à. A dictionary shows these.
Contractions
à + le = au, à + les = aux, de + le = du, de + les = des.
Common mistakes
- Using dans for cities: ✗ dans Paris → à Paris.
- Using à with feminine countries.
- Mixing up en and dans for time.
- Forgetting contractions.
Practice
Write ten sentences about where people live, where they're going and how they travel.
Look up prepositions and verb constructions with English French Dictionary →
English French Dictionary
Offline English–French dictionary with meanings, gender and accents handled properly
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