French Plurals: Regular Rules and Irregular Exceptions
How to form plurals in French, including -aux, -eaux, -eux and irregular forms like yeux, and why plurals often sound the same as singulars.
Most French plurals are simple: add an s. But that final s is silent, so plurals often sound identical to singulars, and the difference is heard in the articles and liaison instead.
The basic rule
Add -s:
- un livre → des livres
- une table → des tables
- un chat → des chats
Nouns already ending in -s, -x or -z
No change:
- un fils → des fils
- un prix → des prix
- un nez → des nez
- un bras → des bras
Nouns ending in -al
Change -al to -aux:
- un journal → des journaux
- un animal → des animaux
- un cheval → des chevaux
- un hôpital → des hôpitaux
Exceptions that just add s: un bal → des bals, un festival → des festivals, un carnaval → des carnavals, un récital → des récitals.
Nouns ending in -eau, -au, -eu
Add -x:
- un bateau → des bateaux
- un gâteau → des gâteaux
- un tuyau → des tuyaux
- un jeu → des jeux
- un feu → des feux
- un neveu → des neveux
Exceptions: un pneu → des pneus, un bleu → des bleus, un landau → des landaus.
Nouns ending in -ou
Usually add -s: un trou → des trous, un clou → des clous. Seven common nouns take -x: bijou, caillou, chou, genou, hibou, joujou, pou. A classic memory aid is to learn them as a list: des bijoux, des cailloux, des choux, des genoux, des hiboux, des joujoux, des poux.
Nouns ending in -ail
Most add -s (un détail → des détails), but a few change to -aux: un travail → des travaux, un corail → des coraux, un vitrail → des vitraux.
Irregular plurals
- un œil → des yeux (eye, eyes)
- le ciel → les cieux (sky, heavens; les ciels for painted skies)
- madame → mesdames
- monsieur → messieurs
- mademoiselle → mesdemoiselles
- un jeune homme → des jeunes gens
- bonhomme → bonshommes
Compound nouns
Plurals of compounds are tricky, and depend on the parts:
- un chou-fleur → des choux-fleurs (noun + noun: both plural)
- un grand-père → des grands-pères
- un porte-monnaie → des porte-monnaie (verb + noun: often invariable)
- un tire-bouchon → des tire-bouchons
Check a dictionary.
Family names
Family names are invariable: les Dupont, les Martin.
How to tell singular from plural when spoken
Since the final s is silent, listen for:
- The article: le vs les, un vs des, la vs les (lay).
- The verb: il parle vs ils parlent (sounds the same for regular -er verbs, but differs for many others: il est / ils sont).
- Liaison: les amis (with a z sound) vs l'ami.
Adjectives agree
Remember that adjectives also take plural forms: de petites maisons, des amis français. Plural adjectives often come with plural nouns in writing, though in speech the difference disappears.
Common mistakes
- Adding s to -al nouns: journals → journaux.
- Forgetting x on -eau nouns.
- Trying to pronounce the plural s.
Dictionary tip
Dictionaries list irregular plurals. If a noun has an unusual form, it's shown next to the entry.
Practice
Write the plural of cheval, bateau, genou, animal, œil, jeu and nez, then check your answers in a dictionary.
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