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French Plurals: Regular Rules and Irregular Exceptions

How to form plurals in French, including -aux, -eaux, -eux and irregular forms like yeux, and why plurals often sound the same as singulars.

Most French plurals are simple: add an s. But that final s is silent, so plurals often sound identical to singulars, and the difference is heard in the articles and liaison instead.

The basic rule

Add -s:

  • un livre → des livres
  • une table → des tables
  • un chat → des chats

Nouns already ending in -s, -x or -z

No change:

  • un fils → des fils
  • un prix → des prix
  • un nez → des nez
  • un bras → des bras

Nouns ending in -al

Change -al to -aux:

  • un journal → des journaux
  • un animal → des animaux
  • un cheval → des chevaux
  • un hôpital → des hôpitaux

Exceptions that just add s: un bal → des bals, un festival → des festivals, un carnaval → des carnavals, un récital → des récitals.

Nouns ending in -eau, -au, -eu

Add -x:

  • un bateau → des bateaux
  • un gâteau → des gâteaux
  • un tuyau → des tuyaux
  • un jeu → des jeux
  • un feu → des feux
  • un neveu → des neveux

Exceptions: un pneu → des pneus, un bleu → des bleus, un landau → des landaus.

Nouns ending in -ou

Usually add -s: un trou → des trous, un clou → des clous. Seven common nouns take -x: bijou, caillou, chou, genou, hibou, joujou, pou. A classic memory aid is to learn them as a list: des bijoux, des cailloux, des choux, des genoux, des hiboux, des joujoux, des poux.

Nouns ending in -ail

Most add -s (un détail → des détails), but a few change to -aux: un travail → des travaux, un corail → des coraux, un vitrail → des vitraux.

Irregular plurals

  • un œil → des yeux (eye, eyes)
  • le ciel → les cieux (sky, heavens; les ciels for painted skies)
  • madame → mesdames
  • monsieur → messieurs
  • mademoiselle → mesdemoiselles
  • un jeune homme → des jeunes gens
  • bonhomme → bonshommes

Compound nouns

Plurals of compounds are tricky, and depend on the parts:

  • un chou-fleur → des choux-fleurs (noun + noun: both plural)
  • un grand-père → des grands-pères
  • un porte-monnaie → des porte-monnaie (verb + noun: often invariable)
  • un tire-bouchon → des tire-bouchons

Check a dictionary.

Family names

Family names are invariable: les Dupont, les Martin.

How to tell singular from plural when spoken

Since the final s is silent, listen for:

  • The article: le vs les, un vs des, la vs les (lay).
  • The verb: il parle vs ils parlent (sounds the same for regular -er verbs, but differs for many others: il est / ils sont).
  • Liaison: les amis (with a z sound) vs l'ami.

Adjectives agree

Remember that adjectives also take plural forms: de petites maisons, des amis français. Plural adjectives often come with plural nouns in writing, though in speech the difference disappears.

Common mistakes

  • Adding s to -al nouns: journals → journaux.
  • Forgetting x on -eau nouns.
  • Trying to pronounce the plural s.

Dictionary tip

Dictionaries list irregular plurals. If a noun has an unusual form, it's shown next to the entry.

Practice

Write the plural of cheval, bateau, genou, animal, œil, jeu and nez, then check your answers in a dictionary.

Check plural forms with English French Dictionary →

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