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French Articles Explained: Le, La, Un, Du, De la, Des

How definite, indefinite and partitive articles work in French, when to use each, contractions like au and du, and why 'pas de' replaces 'du' after negatives.

English has three little words: a, an and the. French has more, because articles must agree with the gender and number of the noun, and because French has a special type for quantities of uncountable things.

Definite articles: the

  • le (masculine singular): le livre
  • la (feminine singular): la table
  • l' (before a vowel or silent h): l'ami, l'école
  • les (plural, both genders): les livres, les tables

Indefinite articles: a, an, some

  • un (masculine): un livre
  • une (feminine): une table
  • des (plural): des livres, des tables

Des is the plural of un/une, and means "some" or has no English equivalent: J'ai des amis — I have friends.

Partitive articles: some (a quantity of)

The partitive is used with uncountable nouns (things you can't count), to mean "some" or "a certain amount":

  • du (masculine): du pain (some bread)
  • de la (feminine): de la confiture (some jam)
  • de l' (before a vowel): de l'eau (some water)
  • des (plural): des légumes (some vegetables)

Je voudrais du café. — I'd like some coffee.

In English, we often leave out "some", but in French, you must include an article: Je bois du thé, not Je bois thé.

Definite article for general statements

French uses the definite article to talk about likes, dislikes and generalisations, where English uses no article:

  • J'aime le café. — I like coffee.
  • Les chats sont mignons. — Cats are cute.
  • La vie est belle. — Life is beautiful.

Compare: J'aime le café (I like coffee in general) with Je bois du café (I'm drinking some coffee).

Contractions

When the prepositions à and de meet le or les, they merge:

  • à + le = au: Je vais au cinéma.
  • à + les = aux: Je parle aux enfants.
  • de + le = du: Le livre du professeur.
  • de + les = des: La voix des chanteurs.

À la and à l' don't contract: Je vais à la gare, à l'hôpital.

After negatives

In negative sentences, indefinite and partitive articles usually become de (or d' before a vowel):

  • J'ai un chien. → Je n'ai pas de chien. — I don't have a dog.
  • Je mange du pain. → Je ne mange pas de pain.
  • Il y a des places. → Il n'y a pas de places.

Exception: with être, the article stays: Ce n'est pas un chien.

After expressions of quantity

Use de (not du/de la/des) after quantity words:

  • beaucoup de monde
  • un peu de sucre
  • assez de temps
  • trop de bruit
  • une bouteille de vin
  • un kilo de pommes

Common mistakes

  • Forgetting partitive articles: Je veux café → Je veux du café.
  • Using du after pas: Je n'ai pas du pain → Je n'ai pas de pain.
  • Wrong gender: check the noun's gender in a dictionary.
  • Using no article for general likes: J'aime chocolat → J'aime le chocolat.

Dictionary tip

A good dictionary shows gender (m or f) for each noun, which tells you the right article.

Practice

Write ten sentences about what you eat and like, using definite, indefinite and partitive articles correctly, and turn five of them negative.

Check noun gender with English French Dictionary →

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