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French Adjectives: Agreement, Position and Meaning Changes

How French adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number, irregular forms like beau/belle, where to place them, and adjectives that change meaning.

In English, adjectives never change: a small house, small houses. In French, adjectives agree with the noun in gender and number, and they usually come after it. Both features take some getting used to.

Agreement: gender

For most adjectives, add -e to make the feminine:

  • un garçon petit → une fille petite
  • un homme grand → une femme grande
  • un sac noir → une robe noire

If the masculine already ends in -e, the feminine is the same: un livre facile → une question facile.

Common patterns

  • -er → -ère: cher → chère, premier → première
  • -eux → -euse: heureux → heureuse
  • -eur → -euse: menteur → menteuse
  • -f → -ve: actif → active, neuf → neuve
  • -on → -onne: bon → bonne
  • -el → -elle: actuel → actuelle
  • Double final consonant: gros → grosse, gentil → gentille

Irregular adjectives

Some have a special masculine form before a vowel:

  • beau / bel / belle: un beau garçon, un bel homme, une belle femme
  • nouveau / nouvel / nouvelle: un nouveau livre, un nouvel ami, une nouvelle voiture
  • vieux / vieil / vieille: un vieux monsieur, un vieil arbre, une vieille dame

Others: blanc → blanche, long → longue, doux → douce, frais → fraîche, faux → fausse.

Agreement: number

Add -s for the plural: petits, petites. Adjectives ending in -s or -x stay the same: un gros chat → des gros chats, heureux → heureux. Adjectives in -al change to -aux: national → nationaux. Those in -eau add -x: beau → beaux.

Position

Most adjectives come after the noun:

  • une voiture rouge
  • un livre intéressant
  • un homme intelligent

Colours, nationalities and shapes always follow: une table ronde, un film français.

Adjectives that come before

A small group of common adjectives usually go before the noun. A memory aid is BAGS: Beauty, Age, Goodness, Size.

  • Beauty: beau, joli
  • Age: jeune, vieux, nouveau
  • Goodness: bon, mauvais, meilleur
  • Size: grand, petit, gros, long, court

Examples: un beau jardin, une jeune femme, un bon repas, une petite maison.

Meaning changes with position

A few adjectives change meaning depending on where they are:

Before the noun After the noun
un grand homme (a great man) un homme grand (a tall man)
un ancien élève (a former pupil) un bâtiment ancien (an ancient building)
un cher ami (a dear friend) un sac cher (an expensive bag)
ma propre maison (my own house) une chemise propre (a clean shirt)
un pauvre homme (a poor, unfortunate man) un homme pauvre (a man without money)
la dernière semaine (the last, final week) la semaine dernière (last week)
un seul homme (a single man) un homme seul (a lonely man)

Two adjectives together

If both follow, join them with et: une femme grande et intelligente. If one goes before and one after: une jolie robe rouge.

Common mistakes

  • Forgetting to make the adjective agree.
  • Placing colour adjectives before nouns.
  • Using beau before a vowel: un beau homme → un bel homme.

Dictionary tip

Dictionaries list adjectives in the masculine form, and give the feminine form when it's irregular. Check for both.

Practice

Describe five people or objects around you, choosing the correct form and position of each adjective.

Look up adjective forms with English French Dictionary →

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