Être and Avoir: The Two Verbs That Run French
The conjugations and everyday uses of être (to be) and avoir (to have), including age, hunger and cold, professions, il y a and their role as auxiliary verbs.
If you learn only two French verbs well, make them être and avoir. They're irregular, they're used constantly, and they also act as helpers to form other tenses.
Être: to be
| Person | Present |
|---|---|
| je | suis |
| tu | es |
| il / elle / on | est |
| nous | sommes |
| vous | êtes |
| ils / elles | sont |
Uses:
- Identity: Je suis Marie. — I'm Marie.
- Description: Elle est grande. — She's tall.
- Professions, with no article: Il est médecin. — He's a doctor.
- Nationality: Nous sommes canadiens.
- Location: Ils sont à Paris.
- Time: Il est trois heures.
- Origin: Je suis de Lyon.
- C'est / Ce sont: C'est un livre. Ce sont mes amis.
Avoir: to have
| Person | Present |
|---|---|
| j' | ai |
| tu | as |
| il / elle / on | a |
| nous | avons |
| vous | avez |
| ils / elles | ont |
Uses:
- Possession: J'ai un chien. — I have a dog.
- Age: J'ai vingt ans. — I'm twenty. (French has years, doesn't be them.)
- Physical states: J'ai faim (hungry), j'ai soif (thirsty), j'ai chaud (hot), j'ai froid (cold), j'ai sommeil (sleepy), j'ai peur (afraid), j'ai mal à la tête (headache).
- Needs: J'ai besoin de repos. — I need rest.
- Desires: J'ai envie d'un café. — I feel like a coffee.
- Il y a: Il y a un problème. — There is a problem. (It's avoir in disguise: literally "it there has".)
Being versus having: the trap
English speakers often use être where French uses avoir:
- ✗ Je suis vingt ans → ✓ J'ai vingt ans.
- ✗ Je suis faim → ✓ J'ai faim.
- ✗ Je suis froid → ✓ J'ai froid.
Remember: for states of the body and age, French has.
Être and avoir as auxiliary verbs
Both serve as helpers in compound tenses, such as the passé composé:
- With avoir (most verbs): J'ai mangé. — I ate / I have eaten.
- With être (movement verbs and reflexives): Je suis allé. — I went.
Knowing which auxiliary a verb takes is a key part of learning French verbs. There's more on this in our passé composé guide.
Negatives
- Je ne suis pas fatigué. — I'm not tired.
- Je n'ai pas de voiture. — I don't have a car.
Questions
- Es-tu prêt ? or Tu es prêt ? or Est-ce que tu es prêt ?
- As-tu faim ?
Other forms
Imparfait: j'étais, j'avais. Futur: je serai, j'aurai. Subjonctif: que je sois, que j'aie. Learn the present tense first, then extend.
Tips for learning
- Drill both tables until they're automatic.
- Learn the "avoir" expressions as fixed phrases: avoir faim, avoir froid.
- Practise with age and feelings.
- Use them in short sentences about yourself every day.
Pronunciation
Es and est sound the same (è). Ai sounds like é (or è) in some usage. Ont and sont are nasal. Liaison: ils ont (with z), nous avons (with z), ils sont (no liaison in careful speech before consonants).
Practice
Write ten sentences about yourself using être and avoir: your name, job, age, feelings, family and what you have.
Look up être, avoir and other verbs with English French Dictionary →
English French Dictionary
Offline English–French dictionary with meanings, gender and accents handled properly
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