Ser or Estar? Two Verbs for 'To Be' in Portuguese
How to choose between ser and estar, with the present tense of both and a simple guide to permanent and temporary states.
Portuguese has two verbs for "to be", and choosing the right one is a key step. The basic idea: ser is for what something is, and estar is for how or where something is right now.
Present tense
| Person | ser | estar |
|---|---|---|
| eu | sou | estou |
| tu | és | estás |
| você, ele, ela | é | está |
| nós | somos | estamos |
| vocês, eles, elas | são | estão |
Use ser for
| Use | Example |
|---|---|
| Identity | Eu sou a Ana. — I'm Ana. |
| Profession | Ele é médico. — He's a doctor. |
| Nationality and origin | Sou brasileiro. / Sou de Lisboa. |
| Characteristics | Ela é alta. — She's tall. |
| Time and dates | São duas horas. / Hoje é sexta. |
| Possession | O livro é meu. |
| Material | A mesa é de madeira. |
Use estar for
| Use | Example |
|---|---|
| Location | Estou em casa. — I'm at home. |
| Temporary states | Estou cansado. — I'm tired. |
| Feelings and moods | Ela está feliz. — She's happy. |
| Ongoing actions | Estou a comer (PT) / Estou comendo (BR) — I'm eating. |
| Conditions | O café está quente. — The coffee is hot. |
Same adjective, different meaning
| With ser | With estar |
|---|---|
| Ele é chato. — He's boring. | Ele está chato. — He's being annoying (today). |
| Ela é bonita. — She's pretty. | Ela está bonita. — She looks pretty (today). |
A quick test
Ask: is it a defining quality or a state that can change?
- Defining: ser.
- Changeable or location: estar.
Exception: location of events uses ser: A festa é no clube. (The party is at the club.)
Common mistakes
- Using ser for location. Say Estou em casa, not Sou em casa.
- Using estar for professions.
- Mixing up é and está.
Tips
- Learn both tables.
- Practise with your own description: who you are, and how you are today.
- Use the dictionary to check examples.
English Portuguese Dictionary
Offline English–Portuguese dictionary with gender and accents handled properly
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