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Ser or Estar? Two Verbs for 'To Be' in Portuguese

How to choose between ser and estar, with the present tense of both and a simple guide to permanent and temporary states.

Portuguese has two verbs for "to be", and choosing the right one is a key step. The basic idea: ser is for what something is, and estar is for how or where something is right now.

Present tense

Person ser estar
eu sou estou
tu és estás
você, ele, ela é está
nós somos estamos
vocês, eles, elas são estão

Use ser for

Use Example
Identity Eu sou a Ana. — I'm Ana.
Profession Ele é médico. — He's a doctor.
Nationality and origin Sou brasileiro. / Sou de Lisboa.
Characteristics Ela é alta. — She's tall.
Time and dates São duas horas. / Hoje é sexta.
Possession O livro é meu.
Material A mesa é de madeira.

Use estar for

Use Example
Location Estou em casa. — I'm at home.
Temporary states Estou cansado. — I'm tired.
Feelings and moods Ela está feliz. — She's happy.
Ongoing actions Estou a comer (PT) / Estou comendo (BR) — I'm eating.
Conditions O café está quente. — The coffee is hot.

Same adjective, different meaning

With ser With estar
Ele é chato. — He's boring. Ele está chato. — He's being annoying (today).
Ela é bonita. — She's pretty. Ela está bonita. — She looks pretty (today).

A quick test

Ask: is it a defining quality or a state that can change?

  • Defining: ser.
  • Changeable or location: estar.

Exception: location of events uses ser: A festa é no clube. (The party is at the club.)

Common mistakes

  1. Using ser for location. Say Estou em casa, not Sou em casa.
  2. Using estar for professions.
  3. Mixing up é and está.

Tips

  1. Learn both tables.
  2. Practise with your own description: who you are, and how you are today.
  3. Use the dictionary to check examples.

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