Imperfetto or Passato Prossimo? Describing the Past in Italian
Two Italian past tenses do different jobs. Learn the imperfetto endings and a simple way to choose between it and the passato prossimo.
Italian has two everyday past tenses, and they work together. The passato prossimo narrates completed events; the imperfetto sets the scene.
Forming the imperfetto
The endings are regular:
| parlare | credere | dormire | |
|---|---|---|---|
| io | parlavo | credevo | dormivo |
| tu | parlavi | credevi | dormivi |
| lui / lei | parlava | credeva | dormiva |
| noi | parlavamo | credevamo | dormivamo |
| voi | parlavate | credevate | dormivate |
| loro | parlavano | credevano | dormivano |
Irregular: essere → ero, eri, era, eravamo, eravate, erano; fare → facevo; dire → dicevo; bere → bevevo.
When to use the imperfetto
Use it for:
- Habits in the past: Da bambino giocavo a calcio ogni giorno.
- Descriptions and background: Faceva freddo e pioveva.
- Ongoing actions: Mentre mangiavo, guardavo la TV.
- Age, time, feelings: Avevo dieci anni. Erano le otto.
When to use the passato prossimo
Use it for:
- Completed events: Ieri ho giocato a calcio.
- Single actions in a story: Sono entrato e ho salutato tutti.
- Events with a clear point in time.
Using both together
The imperfetto describes the scene, and the passato prossimo tells what happened:
- Mentre mangiavo, è arrivato Luca. — While I was eating, Luca arrived.
- Pioveva quando sono uscito. — It was raining when I went out.
- Ero stanco, così sono andato a letto. — I was tired, so I went to bed.
Quick test
- Was it repeated, ongoing or descriptive? → imperfetto
- Was it a completed event? → passato prossimo
Signal words
| Imperfetto | Passato prossimo |
|---|---|
| sempre, spesso, di solito | ieri, ieri sera, una volta |
| ogni giorno, mentre | all'improvviso, due volte |
Tips
- Learn the imperfetto endings first.
- Tell a short story using both tenses.
- Use the dictionary for irregular forms.
English Italian Dictionary
Offline English–Italian dictionary with noun gender and accents handled properly
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