German Modal Verbs: Können, Müssen, Wollen, Dürfen, Sollen, Mögen
The six German modal verbs and möchten, their conjugation and meanings, the important difference between 'must not' and 'don't have to', and word order.
Modal verbs express ability, permission, obligation and wishes. They're among the most useful words in German, and they follow a consistent pattern.
The modal verbs
| Verb | Meaning | ich | du | er/sie/es | wir | ihr | sie/Sie |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| können | can, to be able | kann | kannst | kann | können | könnt | können |
| müssen | must, have to | muss | musst | muss | müssen | müsst | müssen |
| wollen | want to | will | willst | will | wollen | wollt | wollen |
| dürfen | may, be allowed | darf | darfst | darf | dürfen | dürft | dürfen |
| sollen | should, ought | soll | sollst | soll | sollen | sollt | sollen |
| mögen | to like | mag | magst | mag | mögen | mögt | mögen |
| möchten | would like | möchte | möchtest | möchte | möchten | möchtet | möchten |
Notice: the ich and er/sie/es forms are identical, and have no ending. The vowel also changes in the singular.
Word order
The modal is in second position, and the main verb goes to the end of the sentence in the infinitive:
- Ich kann heute nicht kommen. — I can't come today.
- Er muss früh aufstehen. — He has to get up early.
- Wir wollen ins Kino gehen. — We want to go to the cinema.
- Du darfst hier nicht parken. — You may not park here.
Meanings and uses
können: ability and possibility.
- Ich kann schwimmen. — I can swim.
- Kannst du mir helfen? — Can you help me?
- Ich kann Deutsch. — I know German. (Without a second verb.)
müssen: necessity.
- Ich muss arbeiten. — I have to work.
wollen: a strong wish or plan.
- Ich will nach Berlin fahren. — I want to go to Berlin.
dürfen: permission.
- Darf ich hier sitzen? — May I sit here?
sollen: obligation from someone else, or advice.
- Du sollst mehr schlafen. — You should sleep more.
- Was soll ich tun? — What should I do?
mögen: to like something.
- Ich mag Schokolade. — I like chocolate.
möchten: a polite wish.
- Ich möchte einen Kaffee. — I'd like a coffee.
- Möchten Sie etwas trinken? — Would you like something to drink?
The important difference in negation
- nicht müssen = don't have to: Du musst nicht kommen. — You don't have to come.
- nicht dürfen = must not: Du darfst nicht kommen. — You're not allowed to come.
This is a classic trap: German nicht müssen is not "must not".
Politeness
Möchte is more polite than will when asking for things. Könnten Sie ...? (Could you...?) is a polite request: Könnten Sie mir bitte helfen?
Modals without a second verb
Sometimes the second verb is understood:
- Ich muss nach Hause. — I have to go home.
- Ich kann das nicht. — I can't do that.
- Er will das nicht. — He doesn't want that.
Modals in other tenses
The past forms konnte, musste, wollte, durfte, sollte, mochte are common in spoken German, even where other verbs use the Perfekt: Ich konnte nicht kommen. — I couldn't come.
Modals and separable verbs
The separable verb stays together at the end: Ich muss um sieben aufstehen.
Tips
- Learn the table, especially the ich/er forms without endings.
- Practise the word order: modal second, infinitive last.
- Use möchte for requests.
- Remember the negation trap.
Common mistakes
- Adding endings to ich and er forms (ich kanne).
- Using zu before the infinitive (Ich muss zu gehen).
- Confusing nicht müssen with nicht dürfen.
English German Dictionary
Offline English–German dictionary that handles compound words and noun gender
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